Insimbi engagqwali (Stainless Steel)isifinyezo sensimbi engamelana ne-asidi engagqwali, futhi amamaki ensimbi amelana nemidiya egqwalayo engenamandla njengomoya, isitimu, amanzi, noma izinto ezingenasici abizwa ngokuthi insimbi engagqwali.
Igama "insimbi engagqwali" ayibhekiseli nje ohlotsheni olulodwa lwensimbi engagqwali, kodwa ibhekisela ezinhlotsheni ezingaphezu kwekhulu zensimbi engagqwali yezimboni, ngayinye esebenza kahle emkhakheni wayo wesicelo othile.
Wonke aqukethe i-chromium engu-17 kuya ku-22%, futhi amamaki ensimbi angcono aqukethe i-nickel.Ukwengeza i-molybdenum kungathuthukisa ukugqwala komkhathi, ikakhulukazi ukumelana nokugqwala ezindaweni ezine-chloride.
一.Ukuhlukaniswa kwensimbi engagqwali
1. Iyini insimbi engagqwali ne-asidi engazweli?
Impendulo: Insimbi engagqwali isifinyezo sensimbi engagqwali engamelana ne-asidi, ekwazi ukumelana nemithombo yezindaba egqwalayo ebuthakathaka njengomoya, umusi, amanzi, noma enensimbi engagqwali.Amabanga ensimbi egqwalile abizwa ngokuthi izinsimbi ezimelana ne-asidi.
Ngenxa yomehluko ekubunjweni kwamakhemikhali kokubili, ukumelana nokugqwala kwazo kuhlukile.Insimbi engagqwali evamile ngokuvamile ayimelani nokugqwala okuphakathi kwamakhemikhali, kuyilapho insimbi engamelana ne-asidi ngokuvamile ayinasila.
2. Indlela yokuhlukanisa insimbi engagqwali?
Impendulo: Ngokwesimo senhlangano, ingahlukaniswa ngensimbi ye-martensitic, insimbi ye-ferritic, insimbi ye-austenitic, i-austenitic-ferritic (i-duplex) yensimbi engagqwali kanye nemvula eqinisa insimbi engagqwali.
(1) Insimbi ye-Martensitic: amandla aphezulu, kodwa ipulasitiki empofu kanye nokushisela.
Amabanga asetshenziswa kakhulu ensimbi engagqwali ye-martensitic yi-1Cr13, 3Cr13, njll., ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu, inamandla amakhulu, ukuqina nokumelana nokugqokwa, kepha ukumelana nokugqwala kubi kancane, futhi isetshenziselwa izakhiwo zemishini ephezulu futhi ukumelana nokugqwala.Ezinye izingxenye ezijwayelekile ziyadingeka, njengeziphethu, ama-steam turbine blades, ama-valve okucindezela amanzi, njll.
Lolu hlobo lwensimbi lusetshenziswa ngemva kokucisha nokushisa, futhi ukufakwa kwensimbi kuyadingeka ngemva kokufoja nokunyathela.
(2) Insimbi ye-Ferritic: 15% kuya ku-30% chromium.Ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo, ukuqina nokushisela kwayo kukhuphuka ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-chromium, futhi ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala kokucindezeleka kwe-chloride kungcono kunezinye izinhlobo zensimbi engagqwali, njenge-Crl7, Cr17Mo2Ti, Cr25, Cr25Mo3Ti, Cr28, njll.
Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwe-chromium, ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo nokumelana ne-oxidation kuhle uma kuqhathaniswa, kodwa izakhiwo zayo zemishini nezinqubo zenqubo zimbi.Isetshenziswa kakhulu ezakhiweni ezimelana ne-asidi ezinokucindezeleka okuncane futhi njengensimbi elwa ne-oxidation.
Lolu hlobo lwensimbi lungamelana nokugqwala komkhathi, i-nitric acid nesisombululo sikasawoti, futhi lunezici zokumelana okuhle kwe-oxidation lokushisa eliphezulu kanye ne-coefficient encane yokwandisa ukushisa.Isetshenziselwa i-nitric acid kanye nemishini yefektri yokudla, futhi ingasetshenziswa ukwenza izingxenye ezisebenza emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, njengezingxenye ze-turbine yegesi, njll.
(3) Insimbi ye-Austenitic: Iqukethe i-chromium engaphezu kuka-18%, futhi iqukethe cishe u-8% we-nickel kanye nenani elincane le-molybdenum, i-titanium, i-nitrogen nezinye izakhi.Ukusebenza okuhle kukonke, ukumelana nokugqwala yimidiya ehlukahlukene.
Ngokuvamile, ukwelashwa kwesisombululo kwamukelwa, okungukuthi, insimbi ishisa ku-1050-1150 ° C, bese ipholile ngamanzi noma ipholile emoyeni ukuze ithole isakhiwo se-austenite sesigaba esisodwa.
(4) I-Austenitic-ferritic (duplex) yensimbi engagqwali: Inezinzuzo zakho kokubili i-austenitic ne-ferritic insimbi engagqwali, futhi ine-superplasticity.I-Austenite ne-ferrite i-akhawunti ngayinye cishe ingxenye yensimbi engagqwali.
Endabeni yokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-C, okuqukethwe kwe-Cr kungu-18% kuya ku-28%, futhi okuqukethwe kwe-Ni kungu-3% kuya ku-10%.Ezinye izinsimbi nazo ziqukethe izakhi ze-alloying ezifana ne-Mo, Cu, Si, Nb, Ti, kanye no-N.
Lolu hlobo lwensimbi lunezici zazo zombili izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic ne-ferritic.Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-ferrite, ine-plasticity ephakeme kanye nokuqina, akukho ukushisa kwegumbi, ithuthukise kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-intergranular kanye nokusebenza kwe-welding, kuyilapho igcina insimbi Insimbi engagqwali yomzimba i-brittle ku-475 ° C, ine-conductivity ephezulu ye-thermal, futhi inezici ze-superplasticity. .
Uma iqhathaniswa nensimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic, inamandla amakhulu futhi ithuthukise kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-intergranular kanye nokugqwala kokucindezeleka kwe-chloride.Insimbi engagqwali e-Duplex inokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu kwe-pitting futhi iyinsimbi engagqwali eyonga i-nickel.
(5) Umzulu wenza lukhuni insimbi engagqwali: i-matrix iyi-austenite noma i-martensite, futhi amamaki asetshenziswa kakhulu emvula enza lukhuni insimbi engagqwali angu-04Cr13Ni8Mo2Al njalo njalo.Kuyinsimbi engagqwali engaqiniswa (iqiniswe) ngokuqiniswa kwemvula (eyaziwa nangokuthi ukuqina kweminyaka).
Ngokuya ngokwakhiwa, ihlukaniswe ngensimbi engagqwali ye-chromium, insimbi engagqwali ye-chromium-nickel ne-chromium manganese nitrogen steel stainless.
(1) Insimbi engagqwali ye-Chromium inokumelana nokugqwala okuthile (i-oxidizing acid, i-organic acid, i-cavitation), ukumelana nokushisa nokumelana nokuguga, futhi ngokuvamile isetshenziswa njengezisetshenziswa zemishini yeziteshi zikagesi, amakhemikhali, kanye ne-petroleum.Kodwa-ke, ukushisela kwayo kubi, futhi kufanele kuqashelwe inqubo yokushisela kanye nezimo zokwelashwa kokushisa.
(2) Ngesikhathi sokushisela, insimbi engagqwali ye-chromium-nickel ifakwa ekushiseleni okuphindaphindiwe kuma-carbides, okuzonciphisa ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nezakhiwo zemishini.
(3) Amandla, i-ductility, ukuqina, ukwakheka, ukushisela, ukumelana nokugqoka kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali ye-chromium-manganese kuhle.
二.Izinkinga ezinzima zokushisela insimbi engagqwali kanye nesingeniso sokusetshenziswa kwezinto nemishini
1. Kungani kunzima ukushisela insimbi engagqwali?
Impendulo: (1) Ukuzwela ukushisa kwensimbi engagqwali kunamandla uma kuqhathaniswa, futhi isikhathi sokuhlala endaweni yokushisa engu-450-850 ° C side kancane, futhi ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-weld kanye nendawo ethinteke ukushisa kuzoncishiswa kakhulu;
(2) othambekele ekuqhekekeni okushisayo;
(3) Ukuvikelwa okungalungile kanye ne-oxidation yokushisa ephezulu kakhulu;
(4) I-linear expansion coefficient inkulu, futhi kulula ukukhiqiza i-welding deformation enkulu.
2. Yiziphi izinyathelo zobuchwepheshe ezisebenzayo ezingathathwa zokushisela insimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic?
Impendulo: (1) Khetha ngokuqinile izinto zokushisela ngokusho kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali ensimbi eyisisekelo;
(2) Ukushisela okusheshayo nge-current encane, amandla kalayini omncane kunciphisa okokufaka ukushisa;
(3) Intambo yokushisela enobubanzi obuncane, induku yokushisela, akukho swing, i-multi-layer multi-pass welding;
(4) Ukupholisa okuphoqelekile kwe-weld seam kanye nendawo ethinteke ukushisa ukuze kuncishiswe isikhathi sokuhlala ku-450-850 ° C;
(5) Ukuvikelwa kwe-Argon ngemuva kwe-TIG weld;
(6) Amashisela axhumene nendawo ebolayo agcina eshiselwe;
(7) Ukwelashwa kwe-passivation ye-weld seam kanye nendawo ethintekile ukushisa.
3. Kungani kufanele sikhethe i-25-13 yochungechunge lwe-welding wire kanye ne-electrode yokushisela insimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic, i-carbon steel nensimbi ephansi ye-alloy (insimbi yokushisela okuhlukile)?
Impendulo: Insimbi ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisiwe ihlanganisa insimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic ne-carbon steel nensimbi ephansi ye-alloy, i-weld deposit metal kumele isebenzise i-25-13 series welding wire (309, 309L) kanye nenduku yokushisela (Austenitic 312, Austenitic 307, njll.).
Uma kusetshenziswa ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo zokushisela insimbi engagqwali, ukwakheka kwe-martensitic kanye nemifantu ebandayo kuzovela kulayini wokuhlanganisa ohlangothini lwe-carbon steel ne-low alloy steel.
4. Kungani izintambo zokushisela zensimbi engagqwali eziqinile zisebenzisa i-98%Ar+2%O2 igesi evikelayo?
Impendulo: Ngesikhathi sokushisela i-MIG yocingo oluqinile lwensimbi engagqwali, uma igesi ye-argon ehlanzekile isetshenziselwa ukuvikela, ukushuba kwendawo echibini elincibilikisiwe kuphezulu, futhi i-weld yakheke kabi, ikhombisa ukuma kwe-weld "humpback".Ukwengeza i-oxygen engu-1 kuya ku-2% kunganciphisa ukushuba kwesimo sechibi elincibilikisiwe, futhi i-weld seam ibushelelezi futhi inhle.
5. Kungani ingaphezulu lensimbi eqinile yokushisela i-MIG weld iba mnyama?Indlela yokuxazulula le nkinga?
Impendulo: Ijubane lokushisela le-MIG lensimbi yokushisela yensimbi engenasici liyashesha (30-60cm/min).Uma umlomo wegesi ovikelayo usufike endaweni yechibi elincibilikisiwe ngaphambili, umthungo wokushisela usasesimweni sokushisa okubomvu, okhishwa umoya kalula, bese kwakheka ama-oxide phezulu.Ama-welds amnyama.Indlela ye-pickling passivation ingasusa isikhumba esimnyama futhi ibuyisele umbala ongaphezulu wensimbi engagqwali.
6. Kungani intambo yokushisela yensimbi engagqwali eqinile idinga ukusebenzisa ugesi oshayekile ukuze kuzuzwe ukushintshwa kwejethi kanye nokushisela okungenawo ama-spatter?
Impendulo: Lapho okuqinile insimbi engagqwali welding MIG welding, φ1.2 welding wire, lapho yamanje I ≥ 260 ~ 280A, inguquko jet ingabonakala;i-droplet iwukushintsha kwesiyingi esifushane esingaphansi kwaleli nani, futhi isipatshi sikhulu, ngokuvamile asinconywa.
Ngokusebenzisa kuphela ukunikezwa kwamandla kagesi we-MIG nge-pulse, i-pulse droplet ingakwazi ukuguquka ukusuka ekucacisweni okuncane kuya ekucacisweni okukhulu (khetha inani elincane noma eliphakeme ngokwe-diameter yocingo), i-spatter-free welding.
7. Kungani intambo yokushisela yensimbi engenasici ene-flux-cored ivikelwe igesi CO2 esikhundleni sokuphakelwa kwamandla kagesi?
Impendulo: Intambo yokushisela yensimbi engenasici esetshenziswa kakhulu njengamanje (efana ne-308, 309, njll.), ifomula ye-welding flux ocingweni lokushisela ithuthukiswa ngokuya nge-welding chemical reaction metallurgical ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwegesi ye-CO2, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile. , asikho isidingo sokunikezwa kwamandla we-pulsed arc welding ( Amandla kagesi ane-pulse ngokuyisisekelo adinga ukusebenzisa igesi exubile), uma ufuna ukufaka uguquko lwamaconsi kusengaphambili, ungasebenzisa futhi ukunikezwa kwamandla kagesi noma imodeli yokushisela evikelwe igesi evamile nge ukushisela igesi okuxubile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-24-2023